Now we have set the backdrop to organizational behaviour and our assumptions about how things really work, let us now examine ways of looking at organizational change as represented by the range of models and approaches developed by the key authors in this field. Links Gareth Morgan’s organizational metaphors with the models of and approaches to change discussed below.
Models of change and their associated metaphors
Metaphor
Model or approach
Machine
Political system
Organism
Flux and transformation
Lewin, three-step model
Bullock and Batten, planned change
Kotter, eight steps
Beckhard and Harris, change formula
Nadler and Tushman, congruence model
William Bridges, managing the transition
Carnall, change management model
Senge, systemic model
Stacey and Shaw, complex responsive processes